Superintendent's Message, March 2007
Towards More Inclusive Practices and the Elimination of Ableism
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It only takes one visit to Castro Elementary School to see that inclusion—serving students with disabilities in the regular classroom—works. At Castro all students are full members of the school community and are entitled to opportunities and responsibilities that are available to non-disabled students. In an inclusive school setting, students with disabilities are provided with specially-designed instruction in a setting that is most like the regular classroom as possible for each student. The technical term for how disabled students are served is “Least Restrictive Environment,” or LRE. This least restrictive environment varies according to the individual needs and goals of each student.
Research has shown that with the right preparation and support, everyone benefits from an inclusive approach to education. When special needs students are included in the regular classroom with the support they need, they learn more than they do in a special education classroom. The interesting thing about these research findings is that their non-disabled peers also learn more. That research has been available for many years, as has the success of Castro as an inclusive school. So the question is, why do we continue to serve students with disabilities in self-contained classrooms and schools? The answer, I believe, is an unintentional, yet real, system of advantage called “ableism.”
About a year ago, Harvard professor Thomas Hehir published an article about the aims of special education in the “Harvard Education Letter.” In that article Hehir defines ableism as “societal prejudice against people with disabilities, some of which is blatant—like when disabled people aren't able to attend an event—and some of which is more subtle, such as the desire for disabled people to perform life tasks in the same ways as non-disabled people.”
The Peel Ontario Board of Education goes a step further in defining ableism as a set of practices and beliefs that assign inferior value (worth) to people who have developmental, emotional, physical or psychiatric disabilities. People who don't have a disability, or who aren't close to someone who does, can't see how the world is wired for non-disabled people. It's invisible to us who don't have disabilities. It's not intentional; we're just not aware of the challenges that people with disabilities face until someone points them out.
Hehir believes that the attitudes and practices of the non-disabled world shape our goals as well as our day-to-day practices in special education. Hehir writes, “Special education is so individualized that people often lack the bigger picture of what we should be accomplishing for all children. I believe what we should be doing in special education is minimizing the impact of disability and maximizing the opportunity to participate in the world… Our role should be to develop educational interventions and conditions under which the impact of a disability is minimized and the opportunities to participate in the curriculum, in the life of the school, are maximized.” What would it mean for our initiative toward more inclusive practices if we were guided by those two questions:
What would minimize the impact of the disability?
What would maximize opportunities for participation in the regular program?
In implementing Hehir's standards, we'd begin with the assumption that students with disabilities are going to be served in the regular classroom. For many of us across most of our careers, we've come to know special education as a place rather than a service. Once students were identified as having a disability, they were moved out of the regular classroom to a special one or to another school. By labeling children and sending them off to a special place, we in fact maximized the impact of the disability. Moving the student with a disability into an isolated setting as an automatic solution has been an ineffective strategy. The more successful approach is to adjust the learning environment of the regular classroom to better meet the learning needs of all students.
Hehir is not suggesting that all students with disabilities can best be served in the regular classroom. He writes, “Sometimes being educated in the regular class doesn't minimize the impact of disability.” Students who need intensive interventions may be able to learn best in another setting. But our presumption ought to be that the regular classroom, with support, is the starting point. That's the premise of the concept of “least restrictive environment,” and it's also the law.
In an article in the “Harvard Educational Review,” Spring 2002, Hehir offers four suggestions for schools and school districts to eliminate ableism and more effectively serve students with disabilities:
Include disability as part of schools' overall diversity efforts. The over-identification of African American students for special education is not only a problem in our district but throughout the state. While fewer than 30 percent of our students are African American, nearly 50 percent of the students identified with emotional disabilities, mental retardation and learning disabilities are African American. This is clearly an area that we need to address as part of our district goal for equity. Hehir quotes a high school student with Down's syndrome from a truly remarkable high school who said, “There are all kinds of kids at my school: black kids, Puerto Rican kids, gay and lesbian kids. Meagan uses a wheel chair. Matt's deaf, and I have Down's syndrome. It's all diversity.” According to Hehir, her high school has done a great job of including disabled kids and has incorporated discussions about disability in its efforts to address diversity issues.
Special education should be specialized. Hehir asserts that educators should reject the practice of placing children in special education where they receive a different education. Though students with disabilities may have individual needs, by and large their education should be based on the same curriculum as that of non-disabled students. Hehir says that if we accept that special education must be the vehicle by which students with disabilities access the curriculum and the means by which we address the unique needs that arise out of their disabilities, then “the need for specialization should be obvious.” Special education teachers can use their training and experience to pinpoint the intervention or accommodation or support that a disabled child needs to meet the standards of the curriculum.
Move away from the current obsession with placement toward an obsession with results. Historically, special education was a way to keep some students' scores from counting in state testing. Until 2005, the California Department of Education did not include a subgroup Academic Performance Index (API) for special education students. There's no doubt in my mind that NCLB's requirement for a special education cell has been a key to changing our expectations for students with disabilities.
Employ concepts of universal design to schooling. Universal design was first applied to architecture to create the physical access that is so essential for students and family members with physical disabilities. But now the concept applies to instructional strategies as well. According to the Center for Applied Special Technology (CAST), universal design learning principles help educators customize their teaching for individual differences in how students learn. Thus a universally-designed curriculum offers:
Multiple means of representation to give learners various ways of acquiring information and knowledge;
Multiple means of expression to provide learners alternatives for demonstrating what they know; and
Multiple means of engagement to tap into learners' interests, challenge them appropriately, and motivate them to learn.
Moving toward more inclusive practices alone won't guarantee that we've been able to successfully deal with a system of advantage based on the absence of disability. Our path forward, however, is to continue to create the conditions in the regular schools and classrooms so that students with disabilities will be more successful in school. With more than 14 percent of students having one or more disabilities, our success is crucial for the success of our community. Castro Elementary School is a great model for what's possible when we include special needs students into the regular classroom.
Bruce Harter
Superintendent
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